We’ve all heard the stories of Bitcoin millionaires.
Elon Musk is the latest.
His electric car company Tesla made a paper profit of more than $900m (£646m) after buying $1.5bn (£1bn) -worth of the cryptocurrency in early February.
Its high profile support helped pushed the price of a single Bitcoin to more than $58,000.
But it isn’t just the digital asset’s price that has hit an all-time high. So has its energy footprint.
And that’s caused blowback for Mr Musk, as the scale of the currency’s environmental impact becomes clearer.
It also helped prompt a series of high profile critics to slate the digital currency this week, including US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen.
President Biden’s top economic adviser described Bitcoin as “an extremely inefficient way to conduct transactions,” saying “the amount of energy consumed in processing those transactions is staggering”.
It’s unclear exactly how much energy Bitcoin uses. Cryptocurrencies are – by design – hard to track. But the consensus is that Bitcoin mining is a very energy-intensive business.
The University of Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance (CCAF) studies the burgeoning business of cryptocurrencies.
It calculates that Bitcoin’s total energy consumption is somewhere between 40 and 445 annualised terawatt hours (TWh).
The UK’s electricity consumption is a little over 300 TWh a year, while Argentina uses around the same amount of power as the CCAF’s best guess for Bitcoin.
And the electricity the Bitcoin miners use overwhelmingly comes from polluting sources.
The CCAF team surveys the people who manage the Bitcoin network around the world on their energy use and found that about two-thirds of it is from fossil fuels.
Huge computing power – and therefore energy use – is built into the way the blockchain technology that underpins the cryptocurrency has been designed.
It relies on a vast decentralised network of computers.
These are the so-called Bitcoin “miners” who enable new Bitcoins to be created, but also independently verify and record every transaction made in the currency.
In fact, the Bitcoins are the reward miners get for maintaining this record accurately.
It works like a lottery that runs every 10 minutes, explains Gina Pieters, an economics professor at the University of Chicago and a research fellow with the CCAF team.
Data processing centres around the world race to compile and submit this record of transactions in a way that is acceptable to the system.
They also have to guess a random number.
The first to submit the record and the correct number wins the prize – this becomes the next block in the blockchain.
At the moment, they are rewarded with six-and-a-quarter Bitcoins, valued at about $50,000 each.
As soon as one lottery is over, a new number is generated, and the whole process starts again.
The higher the price, says Prof Pieters, the more miners want to get into the game.
“They want to get that revenue,” she tells me, “and that’s what’s going to encourage them to introduce more and more powerful machines in order to guess this random number, and therefore you will see an increase in energy consumption,” she says.
And there is another factor that drives Bitcoin’s increasing energy consumption.
The software ensures it always takes 10 minutes for the puzzle to be solved, so if the number of miners is increasing, the puzzle gets harder and the more computing power needs to be thrown at it.
Bitcoin is therefore actually designed to encourage increased computing effort.
The idea is that the more computers that compete to maintain the blockchain, the safer it becomes, because anyone who might want to try and undermine the currency must control and operate at least as much computing power as the rest of the miners put together.
What this means is that, as Bitcoin gets more valuable, the computing effort expended on creating and maintaining it – and therefore the energy consumed – inevitably increases.
All the millions of trillions of calculations it takes to keep the system running aren’t really doing any useful work.
“They’re computations that serve no other purpose,” says de Vries, “they’re just immediately discarded again. Right now we’re using a whole lot of energy to produce those calculations, but also the majority of that is sourced from fossil energy.”
The vast effort it requires also makes Bitcoin inherently difficult to scale, he argues.
“If Bitcoin were to be adopted as a global reserve currency,” he speculates, “the Bitcoin price will probably be in the millions, and those miners will have more money than the entire [US] Federal budget to spend on electricity.”
“We’d have to double our global energy production,” he says with a laugh. “For Bitcoin.”
He says it also limits the number of transactions the system can process to about five per second.
This doesn’t make for a useful currency, he argues.
And that view is echoed by many eminent figures in finance and economics.
The two essential features of a successful currency are that it is an effective form of exchange and a stable store of value, says Ken Rogoff, a professor of economics at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and a former chief economist at the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
He says Bitcoin is neither.
“The fact is, it’s not really used much in the legal economy now. Yes, one rich person sells it to another, but that’s not a final use. And without that it really doesn’t have a long-term future.”
What he is saying is that Bitcoin exists almost exclusively as a vehicle for speculation.
So, I want to know: is the bubble about to burst?
“That’s my guess,” says Prof Rogoff and pauses.
“But I really couldn’t tell you when.”
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